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2023, Vol.33 Num.11
Online: 2023-11-15
Summarization of Technology
Monographic Study
Production Technology
Energy Saving and Environmental Protection
Metallurgy Talent
Metallurgical Science and Technology Award
Summarization of Technology
1
LIU Jianhua, YUAN Baohui, HE Yang, YANG Xiaodong, ZHANG Shuo
Key technologies of efficient deep decarburization and synergistic deoxidation during RH refining
Focusing on the objective of efficient deep decarburization and synergistic deoxidation for IF steel production during RH refining, the feasibility and strategies of RH decarburization and synergistic deoxidation are analyzed based on the carbon-oxygen thermodynamics during RH refining. The efficient decarburization strategies at different decarburization stages are determined according to the kinetics of decarburization reaction. The synergistic technologies of efficient decarburization and oxygen control, such as RH forced decarburization, and oxygen blowing flow rate and lance position control are analyzed. Meanwhile, the key technologies of RH efficient decarburization, such as vacuum pressure drop control, circulation flow rate optimization, and enhanced decarburization by argon blowing inside the vacuum chamber, and the key technologies of oxygen control, such as oxygen content control at the end of RH decarburization, and top slag oxidability control are researched. A synergistic strategy of efficient deep decarburization and deoxidation during RH refining through the integrated application of the above technologies is further proposed.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 1-11 [
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12
WANG Pengcheng, ZHAO Yan, LU Hongzhou, HOU Jianlong, ZHAO Zhengzhi
Research progress and prospect of ultra-high strength hot-formed steel
Under the background of the "double carbon" strategy, environmental protection, energy saving, and other issues have been valued, which put forward higher light weight requirements for automotive steel. As an essential part of automotive steel, ultra-high strength hot-formed steel has broad research prospects. The research status of hot-formed steel at home and abroad is summarized, and the influence of microalloying and residual austenitic structure control on the robust plasticizing mechanism of ultra-high strength hot-formed steel is also summarized from composition design, microstructure characteristics and process control. The research progress of aluminum-silicon coated and zinc-based coated hot-formed steels and new non-coated hot-formed steels with high oxidation resistance is described. The interaction between microstructure and hydrogen-induced delayed cracking behavior of ultra-high strength hot-formed steel is discussed. At the same time, suggestions for further optimization control of ultra-high strength hot-formed steel are put forward, providing a reference for developing and industrial application of ultra-high strength hot-formed steel with high strength plasticity and excellent service performance.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 12-28 [
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29
LIANG Fengrui, SU Hang, CHAI Feng, SUN Mingxuan
Advance in Cu precipitation during aging treatment of Cu-bearing low-alloy high-strength steel
Cu-bearing low-alloy steel is a kind of important low-carbon low-alloy high-strength steel. It has excellent comprehensive application value by making up for the strength reduction of low-carbon equivalent through Cu precipitation, taking into account high strength, good welding performance, low temperature toughness and corrosion resistance. The research progress of Cu precipitation in Cu-bearing low-alloy steel at home and abroad is reviewed. Taking the hardness change curve of Cu-bearing low-alloy steel during aging treatment as an example, the change trends of mechanical properties for materials are clarified, and the strength increment formula corresponding to Cu precipitation based on precipitation strengthening mechanism is summarized. The evolution process of Cu precipitation during aging treatment is sorted out, including phase transformation, crystal structure transformation and mathematical model related to the size of Cu precipitated phase. The common added alloying elements in Cu-bearing low-alloy steel and the effect of alloying elements on Cu-bearing low-alloy are summarized. Finally, the development for new generation of Cu-bearing low-alloy steel is prospected. It is pointed out that regulating the size and distribution of Cu precipitation by optimizing the theoretical model and adding Ni-based alloying elements is an important means to prepare Cu-bearing low-alloy steel with better performance.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 29-38 [
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Monographic Study
39
WANG Yue, PANG Keliang, WU Haotian, GU Zhiyuan, LIU Fujun, ZHAO Hua
Changes for optical properties of vitrinite in coking coals during carbonization
The changes for optical properties of vitrinite in coking coals during carbonization is of great significance to reveal the structural change and reactivity in carbonization reaction. The softening and melting characteristics of vitrinite during carbonization, which were from 3 coking coals with different rank, were studied by heating stage microscope. The changes for optical properties of vitrinite and its influence on the optical structure of coke were studied by petrological analysis. The results show that the optical properties of carbonized vitrinite in coking coals increase in stages. The optical properties of carbonized vitrinite have little change when the carbonization temperature is lower than 300 ℃. The temperature at which the reflectance begin to rise rapidly is closely related to the rank, as low rank coking coal A is 375 ℃, medium rank coking coal B is 400 ℃, and high rank coking coal C is 475 ℃. The bireflectance of carbonized vitrinite in low rank coking coal A and medium rank coking coal B decrease significantly at about 425 ℃, while that of high rank coking coal C decreases slightly at the temperature range of 475-500 ℃. When the carbonization temperature is higher than 600 ℃, the optical properties of the carbonized vitrinite in three coking coals increase rapidly at a linear rate approximately.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 39-47 [
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48
TONG Shuai, AI Liqun, HONG Lukuo, SUN Caijiao, YUAN Yipang, ZHOU Meijie
Metallurgical effect of microwave-hydrogen synergistic reduction for vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate
In order to realize the efficient and reasonable utilization of vanadium-titanium magnetite resources, microwave-hydrogen synergistic reduction of vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate powder/briquette and biomass composite briquette were adopted, and the metallurgical effect of reduction was analyzed. The results show that the reduction product has high metallization rate, with an average value of over 94%. The reduction product metallic iron of concentrate powder/briquetting is porous and spongy. The titanium and iron oxides in the incompletely reduced titanium-iron paragenetic ore are staggered with holes, but the pore structure of reduced metallic iron after briquetting is more developed and dense. There are developed cracks in the reduction products of biomass composite briquetting, metallic iron is in large-diameter granules, and some refractory oxides are wrapped by metallic iron. The addition of biomass plays a reducing role and creates gaps for gas diffusion. Based on this, the "two-step" separation process strategy of "concentrate pellets/biomass composite pellets-microwave hydrogen reduction-ball milling and magnetic separation-tailings high-temperature reduction" is put forward. Although this strategy is only general concept at present, the microwave-hydrogen synergistic reduction method not only ensures the high metallization rate of the product, but also promotes the formation of holes and cracks in the product, which provides favorable mineralogical conditions for the separation of titanium and iron.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 48-54 [
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55
TIAN Zengchao, ZHAN Wenlong, HAN Peng, WANG Chuan, HE Zhijun, ZHANG Junhong, PANG Qinghai
Effect of adding semi-coke in blast furnace on droplet characteristics of charge column and coke solution loss
With the promotion of the "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" policy, steel enterprises are facing the pressure of ultra-low carbon emissions, and reducing coke consumption is one of the essential measures to achieve low carbon smelting in blast furnaces. Semi-coke has similar physical and chemical properties to coke and can meet the basic needs of blast furnace ironmaking, which can be used as a substitute for coke. The droplet characteristics and solution loss degree of coke after adding semi-coke were studied under simulated blast furnace conditions. Then the feasibility of replacing coke with semi-coke in blast furnace ironmaking was discussed. The results show that the droplet characteristic is better in mixed coke than in unmixed coke. When the proportion of semi-coke added decreases from 30% to 10%, the droplet characteristic value
S
decreases from 774 kPa·℃ to 597 kPa·℃, the max differential pressure Δ
P
MAX
decreases from 13.66 kPa to 11.79 kPa, and the softening zone becomes more comprehensive and the position descends. The zone of melting widens and decreases, while the range and position of the soft melt zone are gradually close to the situation of mixed coke loading, and the permeability of the charge column is good. After adding semi-coke, the slag phase is more stable and the reduction degree of Fe is higher. Adding semi-coke can reduce the porosity of coke to a certain extent, reduce the coke solution loss degree, provide good protection for coke, and improve the permeability of the charge column. It proves that it is feasible to replace metallurgical coke with semi-coke, providing theoretical basis and technical guidance for using semi-coke in blast furnaces.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 55-61 [
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62
ZHANG Kaixuan, WANG Shuhuan, LI Chenxiao, YAO Xin, SUN Huakang, ZHANG Yun
Thermodynamic analysis of slagging and dephosphorization for small particle limestone
In order to explore the optimal process conditions for slagging and steelmaking by injecting limestone powder into the converter, a thermodynamic analysis was conducted on the slagging and dephosphorization effect of small particle limestone based on the basic experiment of slagging and dephosphorization. Using univariate experimental method, the effects of limestone particle size, reaction temperature, slag basicity, and FeO content on the slagging and dephosphorization of limestone were investigated, and the optimal parameters were obtained. The experimental results show that the limestone particles with average particle size of 0.84 mm has the best slagging and dephosphorization effect, and either too large or too small particles can cause decrease in dephosphorization rate. The optimal slagging and dephosphorization effect is achieved at experimental temperature of 1 400 ℃. When the temperature is lower than 1 400 ℃, the slagging is insufficient and the speed is slow, while temperature is higher than 1 400 ℃, there is a phenomenon of phosphorus return. The dephosphorization rate of molten iron increases with the increase of basicity. When the slag basicity
R
=3.5, the slag is in good condition and the dephosphorization effect is the best. When the basicity is too high, the slag viscosity is high and the amount of foam slag is large, which is easy to overflow. The dephosphorization rate of molten iron increases with the increase of FeO content in the slag. When the FeO mass fraction is 20%, the slag state is optimal. When the FeO mass fraction reaches 30%, slag overflow phenomenon will occur during the reaction process. Under the best process conditions obtained from the experiment, the dephosphorization speed of limestone in the early stage of the slagging and dephosphorization process is fast, the foam slag is in good condition, there are many types of solid solution phases in the slag, and the endpoint dephosphorization rate reaches over 85%. The phosphorus content in steel can be reduced to below 0.02%, which can complete the dephosphorization task and provide research foundation for industrial application of converter injection limestone powder smelting.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 62-71 [
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72
WU Hongjian, XU Changjun, LEI Chong, WANG Tao, LIN Huijie, LI Jing
Effect of final helical electromagnetic stirring on crack formation in large bloom
Internal crack is one of the common defects for special steel bloom. Electromagnetic stirring is the common technical means to improve the uniformity of microstructure and composition of the bloom. The helical electromagnetic stirrer is not only simple in structure, convenient in installation, but also has obvious stirring effect. To investigate the effect of final helical electromagnetic stirring (F-HEMS) on the liquid steel flow, heat transfer and crack formation in large bloom, experiments and numerical simulations were carried out. It is found that the liquid steel in the liquid core is spirally flowing along the casting direction under the action of electromagnetic force, and the range is concentrated in the height range of the electromagnetic stirrer. The temperature gradient between zero ductility temperature and liquid impenetrable temperature (
T
ZD-
T
LI) in continuous casting bloom is increased by 31.56%-42.27% and the
T
ZD-
T
LI zone width is decreased by 6.6 mm with F-HEMS. Under the influence of F-HEMS, the liquid fraction in the mushy zone decreases. The distributions of temperature, Von-Mises stress and elastic equivalent strain in continuous casting bloom are all stratified. After the application of F-HEMS, Von-Mises stress and elastic equivalent strain in
T
ZD-
T
LI zone of continuous casting bloom decrease by 0.11 MPa on average and 0.02 percent point on average, respectively. Based on numerical simulations and experiments, a cracking index formula is proposed to predict the internal cracking risk. It is found that the crack index when using F-HEMS is 0.158-0.280 smaller than when not using F-HEMS, which proves that F-HEMS can reduce the probability of crack formation in continuous casting bloom. However, the formation of internal cracks is affected by many factors, and the cracking prediction of large bloom in continuous casting process still needs to improve the simulation method and be proved by a large number of experimental data. F-HEMS affects liquid steel flow and heat transfer in continuous casting large bloom, reduces the probability of internal crack formation. The research results provide a theoretical basis for industrial production.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 72-80 [
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81
LIU Gan, KONG Xianglei, HUANG Minghao, WANG Yang, ZHANG Yinghui
Effect of post-rolling cooling process on microstructure of large-transmission X80M pipeline steel
In order to ensure the high strength of large-transmission X80M pipeline steel and further improve its low temperature toughness, and achieve a good match of strength and toughness, Gleeble-3800 thermal simulation tester was used to simulate rolling. The dynamic CCT curve was established by thermal expansion method combined with microstructure analysis, and the effects of cooling rate and final cooling temperature on the microstructure and hardness were studied by OM, SEM, hardness testing and other analytical methods. The results show that with the increase of cooling rate, the microstructure produces the transition of PF+P→GB→AF→BF, and the Vickers microhardness gradually increases. The ideal microstructure consisting of fine uniform AF and diffusely distributed M/A islands can be obtained when the cooling rate is in the range of 15-25 ℃/s. Final cooling temperature has an obvious effect on its phase composition. As the final cooling temperature decreases, the M/A island size becomes smaller, the number increases and its microstructure gradually refines. Combining experimental research with production practice, the final industrialized TMCP parameters are set to final rolling temperature of 780 ℃+final cooling temperature of 360 ℃+cooling speed of 20 ℃/s. The obtained X80M pipeline steel coil has high strength and excellent low temperature toughness, which meets its engineering and technical requirements, and is successfully applied in the major pipeline project of West-East Gas Transmission Line IV. This study provides technical reference for the research and development of high-strength and high-toughness pipeline steel and strongly supports the construction of national major pipeline projects.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 81-87 [
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Production Technology
88
HU Changsong, TIAN Lanxian, ZHANG Daoyuan, LI He
Process research and engineering design of straight-grate for V-Ti magnetite ore
Based on the project of Pansteel Xichang 3 million t/a V-Ti magnetite pellet for straight-grate, the roasting characteristics of V-Ti magnetite pellets were found through simulation test of V-Ti magnetite pellet for straight-grate. Combined with the advanced technology of straight-grate at home and abroad, some new ideas and new means of engineering design for V-Ti magnetite straight-grate were put forward, such as advanced material distribution technology, thick layer roasting technology, air distribution plate optimization technology, CFD flow field simulation technology, advanced combustion technology, flue gas oxygen content reduction technology, SO
2
and NO
x
reduction technology, dry structure beam and air-cooling beam new technology and three-dimensional engineering design technology. Production practice shows that the monthly operating rate is 98.13%, the daily output is not less than 9 100 t, the mass fraction of FeO is 0.6%-1.5%, the average compressive strength is not less than 2 000 N/P, and the basicity is natural basicity in the production line of Pansteel Xichang V-Ti magnetite pellet for straight-grate. The emission indexes are that the content of smoke dust, SO
2
, NO
x
and reference oxygen volume fraction in the flue gas is 2.53 mg/m
3
, 3.15 mg/m
3
, 42.42 mg/m
3
and 17.34%, respectively, which all meet the emission standards. This project is the first production line of V-Ti magnetite pellet for straight-grate in China, and the application prospect is broad.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 88-97 [
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98
LI Jianyun, ZOU Chong, LIANG Dong, JI Guanggang, LIU Zhiwei
Research and application for cost performance evaluation model of metallurgical coke for Shan Steel 1 880 m
3
blast furnace
It has been proven that it is not appropriate to evaluate stamp-charging coke in the same way as top-charging coke. In order to accurately grasp the real thermal performance of stamp-charging coke and realize the safe and economic use of stamp-charging coke and top-charging coke in blast furnaces, a metallurgical coke performance model for blast furnaces of Shandong Iron and Steel Group(Shan Steel) was developed based on the existing coke evaluation methods and the structural characteristics of stamp-charging coke. Ten conventional indicators for coke (average particle size, proportion of coke powder (size less than 25 mm), total moisture, volatile matter, ash, sulfur, cold and hot performance (M40, M10, CRI, CSR)) and six structural indicators for stamp-charging coke (high temperature reaction strength CSR
1300
, optical tissue index OTI, microscopic strength MSI, structural strength SSI, pseudo relative density
d
, carbon chemical structure
d
002
) were included in this model using data induction analysis and fuzzy integrated evaluation methods. By constructing the interrelationships between the six structural indicators of stamp-charging coke and the four indicators of cold and hot performance (M40, M10, CRI, CSR), the 4 indicators of cold and hot performance for tamping coke were corrected to achieve unified method for the evaluation of stamp-charging coke and top-charging coke. The model has been applied to the 1 880 m
3
blast furnace of Shan Steel and the prediction results given by the model plays guiding role in scientific use for various types of coke.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 98-105 [
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106
CHENG Xiangfeng, QING Gele, ZHANG Fuming, XU Meng, QIAN Ruiqing, WU Jianlong
Effects of hydrogen-rich fuels injection on blast furnace ironmaking process
To reduce carbon emission in the ironmaking process of blast furnace, thermodynamic behaviors of hydrogen-rich or pure hydrogen fuels, i.e. natural gas, coke oven gas, ammonia gas and hydrogen gas, during injection into blast furnace tuyeres were analyzed. The effects of hydrogen-rich gas replacement ratio, preheating temperature, injection volume, and oxygen enrichment ratio on the main indicators of blast furnace were investigated based on material and thermal balances. Results show that increasing oxygen enrichment ratio of blast can reduce belly gas volume, and significantly increase theoretical combustion temperature. Though preheating of hydrogen-rich gas can significantly increase theoretical combustion temperature, but has no obvious effect on belly gas volume. Increasing the replacement ratio can decrease the increment of belly gas volume even to a level lower than the reference value, but exerts no significant influence on theoretical combustion temperature. To maintain constant thermal energy of belly gas, the required oxygen enrichment ratio for injecting hydrogen-rich gas per volume ranging from high to low is natural gas, coke oven gas, hydrogen gas, and ammonia gas. Whether it increases or decreases with the increasing of gas injection depends on the replacement ratio. High replacement ratio and oxygen enrichment ratio are conducive to the increase of natural gas injection volume, whereas ammonia gas needs to lower the oxygen enrichment ratio to maintain the constant high-temperature gas thermal energy under different replacement ratios. This study can provide theoretical support for determining suitable hydrogen-rich fuels of blast furnace.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 106-113 [
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114
DUAN Yifan, LIU Xiaojie, LI Xin, LIU Ran, LI Hongwei, ZHAO Jun
Molten iron yield predicting of blast furnace using PSO-BP model based on PCA decision
The yield of molten iron is an important economic indicator to measure the capacity efficiency of steel plants, and its accurate prediction according to the characteristics of furnaces is conducive to capacity structure optimization of steel plants and promotes the stability and high yield of blast furnace. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of molten iron yield, combined with machine learning theory, a hybrid prediction model of particle swarm optimization-back propagation (PSO-BP) based on principal component analysis (PCA) decision-making was proposed based on the annual production and smelting data of a domestic steel plant in 2022. To begin with, principal component analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of the original data set, and then the particle swarm search algorithm was used to optimize the weight matrix of BP neural network, which successfully solved the problem that BP neural network had slow convergence speed and was easy to fall into local optimality. Finally, combined with the ironmaking theory, the input vector and topology of the model were determined according to the results of principal component analysis. The testing results show that the prediction error of the model is smaller than that of other traditional models, and the accuracy rate is 99.8% when the error range is ±50 t, which accurately realizes the prediction of molten iron yield for blast furnace, effectively guides the transfer scheduling of molten iron ladles, and provides data support for blast furnace parameter regulation.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 114-126 [
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127
SUN Liang, SUN Yu, CHEN Wei, ZHANG Lifeng
Numerical simulation of gas blowing effect on powder injection desulfurization during RH refining process
In order to study the influence of gas injection parameters on the powder injection desulfurization during RH refining process and improve the efficiency of desulfurization, three-dimensional coupled
k-ε
turbulence model, volume of fluid (VOF) model, discrete phase model (DPM), user defined scaler (UDS), and unreacted core desulfurization kinetic model were established based on the powder injection desulfurization process of an actual 230 t RH. The effects of the circulation flow rate of snorkel, injection at the vacuum chamber side, and injection at the ladle bottom on the speed and powder injection desulfurization of molten steel were discussed. The results show that the desulfurizers are mainly concentrated on the interface of vacuum chamber near the downleg side after it is sprayed into the vacuum chamber, and desulfurizers enter the ladle from the downleg with the circulating flow of molten steel. The desulfurizers in the ladle also tend to accumulate on the downleg side. The speed and desulfurization rate of molten steel increase with the increase of the circulation flow rate of snorkel, but the increase is small when the circulation flow rate (standard condition) increases from 1 000 L/min to 2 000 L/min. When the circulation flow rate continues to increase from 2 000 L/min to 3 000 L/min, the speed of molten steel increases significantly, but the end-point desulfurization efficiency only increases by 4.0%. The speed and desulfurization rate of molten steel increase slightly with the 2 000 L/min side injection at the vacuum chamber. When the gas injection with 200 L/min flow rate is carried out at the bottom of the ladle corresponding to the up snorkel, the speed of molten steel in the ladle increases significantly, but the desulfurization rate decreases due to the decrease of residence time for desulfurizer in the ladle. The study provides a theoretical basis for improving the efficiency of the powder injection desulfurization during RH refining process.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 127-137 [
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138
WANG Rongrong, WANG Min, WANG Zhongliang, XING Lidong, AI Xingang, BAO Yanping
Mechanism and forecast model of sticker breakout in continuous casting
Continuous casting is one of the most important processes in the steel making process. There are many steel leakage accidents in the continuous casting process, which have many influencing factors and complex mechanisms. Among them, sticker breakout is the most common accident, accounting for about 70% of the total steel leakage. Continuous casting leakage can easily cause steel leakage, burns, fires and even explosions, resulting in casualties and huge property losses. In view of the above difficulties, the expansion of sticker fracture and the formation mechanism of sticker breakout were analyzed, the principle of forecasting sticker breakout was proposed based on thermocouple temperature measurement method and a sticker breakout forecasting model was established using neural network. The correct reporting rate of the test samples for sticker breakout forecasting model reached 100%, the forecasting rate was 97.56%. The spatial network model was verified, the output of the A-type spatial network met the expectation and could achieve the prediction of bonding in the spatial fracture expansion. The model has good application value and can provide support for the safe production of continuous casting.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 138-150 [
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Energy Saving and Environmental Protection
151
LI Jinhui, TAO Jiajie, YU Yang, LUO Kaicheng, CAI Yinqing, LONG Hongming
SO
2
reduction in sintering flue gas by desulfurizer injection and activated coke technology
A large amount of air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO
2
), nitrogen oxides (NO
x
), and dust can be produced in the process of iron ore sintering, which is the main source of steel pollutant emissions. A certain steel plant′s 435 m
2
sintering machine employs a countercurrent integrated process with activated coke for the reduction of pollutant emissions. The emission control equipment has experienced prolonged operation, leading to aging issues. Consequently, the concentration of SO
2
has exceeded the maximum threshold that the emission control system can withstand. Following emission control, the SO
2
concentration in the exhaust gas has surpassed acceptable limits, and it has adversely impacted the denitrification capability of the activated coke. In order to alleviate the pressure of active coke emission reduction, a desulfurizer injection emission reduction system was set up in the sintering flue, forming combined emission reduction technology of "process optimization" and "end-of-pipe treatment" for flue gas pollutants. The practical application results demonstrate that, following the injection of desulfurizing agents, the SO
2
concentration in the inlet flue gas of activated coke decreases from 853.78 mg/m
3
to 668.76 mg/m
3
, meeting the operational conditions required for the normal operation of the activated coke desulfurization and denitrification process. This effectively addresses the issue of excessive SO
2
concentration. The dust concentration at the activated coke′s inlet increases from 25.48 mg/m
3
to 31.39 mg/m
3
, with relatively minor increment in dust content in the exhaust gas. The emission control process′s desulfurization and denitrification efficiency remain unaffected by these changes and not experience any adverse effects. After the flue gas is reduced by the activated carbon system, the ultra-low emission requirement is reached. This study has reference value for the field industrial application of sintering flue gas pollutant treatment technology.
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 151-157 [
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Metallurgy Talent
158
CAI Zhaozhen
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 158-158 [
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Metallurgical Science and Technology Award
159
2023 Vol. 33 (11): 159-159 [
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